Retinoids like all-trans-retinol help reduce acne by normalizing the shedding of cells that lead to the creation of the comedone and by blocking several inflammatory pathways, meaning less inflammation and comedone build-up. In addition, retinoids and acids also have secondary benefits.

Both are shown to enhance collagen production in the dermis to help to decrease scarring, fine lines, and wrinkles, while also reducing redness and discoloration caused by acne—meaning smoother, clearer, more uniform skin.

A powerful antimicrobial agent that effectively kills acne-causing bacteria while providing keratolytic benefits to unclog pores. Clinical studies consistently show significant acne reduction, though it can cause dryness and irritation, requiring careful introduction and proper moisturization.

Skin Resurfacing Acids like glycolic acid, salicylic acid and azelaic acid, help dissolve the glue-like substance holding the comedone together.

Glycolic acid has the smallest molecular size allowing it to get into tiny spaces.

Salicylic acid is lipid (or oil) soluble, allowing it to clear deep into the follicle.

Azelaic acid has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties to kill c.acnes bacteria while reducing inflammation.